DIQTA 1.0: Drug-Induced QT Prolongation Atlas

DOFETILIDE

DIR Classification Postmarketing Surveillance Drug Property Information Reference

DIR Classification

Classification:Most-DIQT concern

Severity Score:4.0

Description in Drug Labeling: View Full Labeling: SPL in DailyMed | PDF

WARNINGS
Ventricular Arrhythmia
Dofetilide can cause serious ventricular arrhythmias, primarily Torsade de Pointes (TdP) type ventricular tachycardia, a polymorphic ventricular tachycardia associated with QT interval prolongation. QT interval prolongation is directly related to dofetilide plasma concentration. Factors such as reduced creatinine clearance or certain dofetilide drug interactions will increase dofetilide plasma concentration. The risk of TdP can be reduced by controlling the plasma concentration through adjustment of the initial dofetilide dose according to creatinine clearance and by monitoring the ECG for excessive increases in the QT interval.
Treatment with dofetilide must therefore be started only in patients placed for a minimum of three days in a facility that can provide electrocardiographic monitoring and in the presence of personnel trained in the management of serious ventricular arrhythmias. Calculation of the creatinine clearance for all patients must precede administration of the first dose of dofetilide. For detailed instructions regarding dose selection, see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION.
The risk of dofetilide induced ventricular arrhythmia was assessed in three ways in clinical studies: 1) by description of the QT interval and its relation to the dose and plasma concentration of dofetilide; 2) by observing the frequency of TdP in dofetilide-treated patients according to dose; 3) by observing the overall mortality rate in patients with atrial fibrillation and in patients with structural heart disease.
Relation of QT Interval to Dose:
The QT interval increases linearly with increasing dofetilide dose (see Figures 1 and 2 in CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY and Dose-Response and Concentration Response for Increase in QT Interval).
[Frequency of Torsade de Pointes]
In the supraventricular arrhythmia population (patients with AF and other supraventricular arrhythmias), the overall incidence of Torsade de Pointes was 0.8%. The frequency of TdP by dose is shown in Table 4. There were no cases of TdP on placebo.
[Drug-Drug Interactions]
(see CONTRAINDICATIONS)
Because there is a linear relationship between dofetilide plasma concentration and QTc, concomitant drugs that interfere with the metabolism or renal elimination of dofetilide may increase the risk of arrhythmia (Torsade de Pointes). Dofetilide is metabolized to a small degree by the CYP3A4 isoenzyme of the cytochrome P450 system and an inhibitor of this system could increase systemic dofetilide exposure. More important, dofetilide is eliminated by cationic renal secretion, and three inhibitors of this process have been shown to increase systemic dofetilide exposure. The magnitude of the effect on renal elimination by cimetidine, trimethoprim, and ketoconazole (all contraindicated concomitant uses with dofetilide) suggests that all renal cation transport inhibitors should be contraindicated.
Hypokalemia and Potassium-Depleting Diuretics
Hypokalemia or hypomagnesemia may occur with administration of potassium-depleting diuretics, increasing the potential for Torsade de Pointes. Potassium levels should be within the normal range prior to administration of dofetilide and maintained in the normal range during administration of dofetilide (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION).
[Use with Drugs that Prolong QT Interval and Antiarrhythmic Agents]
The use of dofetilide in conjunction with other drugs that prolong the QT interval has not been studied and is not recommended. Such drugs include phenothiazines, cisapride, bepridil, tricyclic antidepressants, certain oral macrolides, and certain fluoroquinolones. Class I or Class III antiarrhythmic agents should be withheld for at least three half-lives prior to dosing with dofetilide. In clinical trials, dofetilide was administered to patients previously treated with oral amiodarone only if serum amiodarone levels were below 0.3 mg/L or amiodarone had been withdrawn for at least three months.
PRECAUTIONS
Information for Patients
Please refer patient to the Medication Guide.
Prior to initiation of dofetilide therapy, the patient should be advised to read the Medication Guide and reread it each time therapy is renewed in case the patient's status has changed. The patient should be fully instructed on the need for compliance with the recommended dosing of dofetilide capsules and the potential for drug interactions, and the need for periodic monitoring of QTc and renal function to minimize the risk of serious abnormal rhythms.
[Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) Alone or in Combination with Triamterene]
(see CONTRAINDICATIONS) Concomitant use of HCTZ alone or in combination with triamterene is contraindicated. HCTZ 50 mg QD or HCTZ/triamterene 50/100 mg QD was co-administered with dofetilide (500 mcg BID) for 5 days (following 2 days of diuretic use at half dose). In patients receiving HCTZ alone, dofetilide AUC increased by 27% and C max by 21%. However, the pharmacodynamic effect increased by 197% (QTc increase over time) and by 95% (maximum QTc increase). In patients receiving HCTZ in combination with triamterene, dofetilide AUC increased by 30% and C max by 16%. However, the pharmacodynamic effect increased by 190% (QTc increase over time) and by 84% (maximum QTc increase). The pharmacodynamic effects can be explained by a combination of the increase in dofetilide exposure and the reductions in serum potassium. In the DIAMOND trials, 1252 patients were treated with dofetilide and diuretics concomitantly, of whom 493 died compared to 508 deaths among the 1248 patients receiving placebo and diuretics. Of the 229 patients who had potassium depleting diuretics added to their concomitant medications in the DIAMOND trials, the patients on dofetilide had a non-significantly reduced relative risk for death of 0.68 (95% CI: 0.376, 1.230).
[Other Drugs]
Population pharmacokinetic analyses were conducted on plasma concentration data from 1445 patients in clinical trials to examine the effects of concomitant medications on clearance or volume of distribution of dofetilide. Concomitant medications were grouped as ACE inhibitors, oral anticoagulants, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, cardiac glycosides, inducers of CYP3A4, substrates and inhibitors of CYP3A4, substrates and inhibitors of P-glycoprotein, nitrates, sulphonylureas, loop diuretics, potassium sparing diuretics, thiazide diuretics, substrates and inhibitors of tubular organic cation transport, and QTc-prolonging drugs. Differences in clearance between patients on these medications (at any occasion in the study) and those off medications varied between -16% and +3%. The mean clearances of dofetilide were 16% and 15% lower in patients on thiazide diuretics and inhibitors of tubular organic cation transport, respectively.
[Geriatric Use]
Of the total number of patients in clinical studies of dofetilide, 46% were 65 to 89 years old. No overall differences in safety, effect on QTc, or effectiveness were observed between elderly and younger patients. Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function with a reduced creatinine clearance, care must be taken in dose selection (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION).
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Dofetilide is contraindicated in patients with congenital or acquired long QT syndromes. Dofetilide should not be used in patients with a baseline QT interval or QTc >440 msec (500 msec in patients with ventricular conduction abnormalities). Dofetilide is also contraindicated in patients with severe renal impairment (calculated creatinine clearance <20 mL/min).
The concomitant use of verapamil or the cation transport system inhibitors cimetidine, trimethoprim (alone or in combination with sulfamethoxazole), or ketoconazole with dofetilide is contraindicated (see WARNINGS and PRECAUTIONS, Drug-Drug Interactions), as each of these drugs cause a substantial increase in dofetilide plasma concentrations. In addition, other known inhibitors of the renal cation transport system such as prochlorperazine, dolutegravir and megestrol should not be used in patients on dofetilide.
The concomitant use of hydrochlorothiazide (alone or in combinations such as with triamterene) with dofetilide is contraindicated (see PRECAUTIONS, Drug-Drug Interactions) because this has been shown to significantly increase dofetilide plasma concentrations and QT interval prolongation.
Dofetilide is also contraindicated in patients with a known hypersensitivity to the drug.
OVERDOSAGE
There is no known antidote to dofetilide; treatment of overdose should therefore be symptomatic and supportive. The most prominent manifestation of overdosage is likely to be excessive prolongation of the QT interval.
In cases of overdose, cardiac monitoring should be initiated. Charcoal slurry may be given soon after overdosing but has been useful only when given within 15 minutes of dofetilide administration. Treatment of Torsade de Pointes or overdose may include administration of isoproterenol infusion, with or without cardiac pacing. Administration of intravenous magnesium sulfate may be effective in the management of Torsade de Pointes. Close medical monitoring and supervision should continue until the QT interval returns to normal levels.
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
The dose of dofetilide capsules must be individualized according to calculated creatinine clearance and QTc. (QT interval should be used if the heart rate is <60 beats per minute. There are no data on use of dofetilide capsules when the heart rate is <50 beats per minute.) The usual recommended dose of dofetilide capsules is 500 mcg BID, as modified by the dosing algorithm described below. For consideration of a lower dose, see Special Considerations below.
[Initiation of Dofetilide Capsules Therapy]
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
Electrophysiology
Dofetilide increases the monophasic action potential duration in a predictable, concentration-dependent manner, primarily due to delayed repolarization. This effect, and the related increase in effective refractory period, is observed in the atria and ventricles in both resting and paced electrophysiology studies. The increase in QT interval observed on the surface ECG is a result of prolongation of both effective and functional refractory periods in the His-Purkinje system and the ventricles.
[Renal Impairment]
In volunteers with varying degrees of renal impairment and patients with arrhythmias, the clearance of dofetilide decreases with decreasing creatinine clearance. As a result, and as seen in clinical studies, the half-life of dofetilide is longer in patients with lower creatinine clearances. Because increase in QT interval and the risk of ventricular arrhythmias are directly related to plasma concentrations of dofetilide, dosage adjustment based on calculated creatinine clearance is critically important (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION) . Patients with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance <20 mL/min) were not included in clinical or pharmacokinetic studies (see CONTRAINDICATIONS).
[Dose-Response and Concentration Response for Increase in QT Interval]
MEDICATION GUIDE
Who should not take dofetilide capsules?
Do not take dofetilide capsules if you:
have an irregular heartbeat called long QT syndrome
have kidney problems or are on kidney dialysis
take any of these medicines:
cimetidine (TAGAMET, TAGAMET HB)*
verapamil (CALAN, CALAN SR, COVERA-HS, ISOPTIN, ISOPTIN SR, VERELAN, VERELAN PM, TARKA)*
ketoconazole (NIZORAL, XOLEGEL, EXTINA)*
trimethoprim alone (PROLOPRIM, TRIMPEX)* or the combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (BACTRIM, SEPTRA SULFATRIM)*
prochlorperazine (COMPAZINE, COMPO)*
megestrol (MEGACE)*
dolutegravir (TIVICAY)*
hydrochlorothiazide alone or in combination with other medicines (such as ESIDRIX, EZIDE, HYDRODIURIL, HYDRO-PAR, MICROZIDE, or ORETIC)*
CLINICAL STUDIES
Chronic Atrial Fibrillation and/or Atrial Flutter
Two randomized, parallel, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response trials evaluated the ability of dofetilide 1) to convert patients with atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter (AF/AFl) of more than 1 week duration to normal sinus rhythm (NSR) and 2) to maintain NSR (delay time to recurrence of AF/AFl) after drug-induced or electrical cardioversion. A total of 996 patients with a one week to two year history of atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter were enrolled. Both studies randomized patients to placebo or to doses of dofetilide 125 mcg, 250 mcg, 500 mcg, or in one study a comparator drug, given twice a day (these doses were lowered based on calculated creatinine clearance and, in one of the studies, for QT interval or QTc). All patients were started on therapy in a hospital where their ECG was monitored (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION).
Patients were excluded from participation if they had had syncope within the past 6 months, AV block greater than first degree, MI or unstable angina within 1 month, cardiac surgery within 2 months, history of QT interval prolongation or polymorphic ventricular tachycardia associated with use of antiarrhythmic drugs, QT interval or QTc >440 msec, serum creatinine >2.5 mg/mL, significant diseases of other organ systems; used cimetidine; or used drugs known to prolong the QT interval.
Both studies enrolled mostly Caucasians (over 90%), males (over 70%), and patients ≥65 years of age (over 50%). Most (>90%) were NYHA Functional Class I or II. Approximately one-half had structural heart disease (including ischemic heart disease, cardiomyopathies, and valvular disease) and about one-half were hypertensive. A substantial proportion of patients were on concomitant therapy, including digoxin (over 60%), diuretics (over 20%), and ACE inhibitors (over 30%). About 90% were on anticoagulants.
Acute conversion rates are shown in Table 1 for randomized doses (doses were adjusted for calculated creatinine clearance and, in Study 1, for QT interval or QTc). Of patients who converted pharmacologically, approximately 70% converted within 24-36 hours.
In both studies, dofetilide resulted in a dose-related increase in the number of patients maintained in NSR at all time periods and delayed the time of recurrence of sustained AF. Data pooled from both studies show that there is a positive relationship between the probability of staying in NSR, dofetilide dose, and increase in QTc (see Figure 2 in CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Dose-Response and Concentration Response for Increase in QT Interval).
Analysis of pooled data for patients randomized to a dofetilide dose of 500 mcg twice daily showed that maintenance of NSR was similar in both males and females, in both patients aged <65 years and patients ≥65 years of age, and in both patients with atrial flutter as a primary diagnosis and those with a primary diagnosis of atrial fibrillation.
During the period of in-hospital initiation of dosing, 23% of patients in Studies 1 and 2 had their dose adjusted downward on the basis of their calculated creatinine clearance, and 3% had their dose down-titrated due to increased QT interval or QTc. Increased QT interval or QTc led to discontinuation of therapy in 3% of patients.
Safety in Patients with Structural Heart Disease: DIAMOND Studies (The Danish Investigations of Arrhythmia and Mortality on Dofetilide)
In both DIAMOND studies, patients were randomized to 500 mcg BID of dofetilide, but this was reduced to 250 mcg BID if calculated creatinine clearance was 40–60 mL/min, if patients had AF, or if QT interval prolongation (>550 msec or >20% increase from baseline) occurred after dosing. Dose reductions for reduced calculated creatinine clearance occurred in 47% and 45% of DIAMOND CHF and MI patients, respectively. Dose reductions for increased QT interval or QTc occurred in 5% and 7% of DIAMOND CHF and MI patients, respectively. Increased QT interval or QTc (>550 msec or >20% increase from baseline) resulted in discontinuation of 1.8% of patients in DIAMOND CHF and 2.5% of patients in DIAMOND MI.
In the DIAMOND studies, all patients were hospitalized for at least 3 days after treatment was initiated and monitored by telemetry. Patients with QTc greater than 460 msec, second or third degree AV block (unless with pacemaker), resting heart rate <50 bpm, or prior history of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia were excluded.
Of the 506 patients in the DIAMOND studies who had atrial fibrillation or flutter at baseline, 12% of patients in the dofetilide group and 2% of patients in the placebo group had converted to normal sinus rhythm after one month. In those patients converted to normal sinus rhythm, 79% of the dofetilide group and 42% of the placebo group remained in normal sinus rhythm for one year.
In the DIAMOND studies, although Torsade de Pointes occurred more frequently in the dofetilide-treated patients (see ADVERSE REACTIONS), dofetilide, given with an initial 3-day hospitalization and with dose modified for reduced creatinine clearance and increased QT interval, was not associated with an excess risk of mortality in these populations with structural heart disease in the individual studies or in an analysis of the combined studies. The presence of atrial fibrillation did not affect outcome.

Postmarketing Surveillance

Contingency Table:

Current Drug

Other Drugs

QT Prolongation

327

23765

Other ADRs

15112

38366475

Odds Ratio = 34.934

Drug Property Information

ATC Code(s):

C01BD04 - dofetilide

C01BD - "Antiarrhythmics, class III"
C01B - "ANTIARRHYTHMICS, CLASS I AND III"
C01 - CARDIAC THERAPY
C - CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Active Ingredient:DOFETILIDE

Active Ingredient UNII:R4Z9X1N2ND

Drugbank ID:DB00204

PubChem Compound:71329

CTD ID:C063533

PharmGKB:PA449389

CAS Number:115256-11-6

Dosage Form(s):capsule

Route(s) Of Administrator:oral

Daily Dose:

Chemical Structure:

SMILE Code:
CN(CCOC1=CC=C(NS(C)(=O)=O)C=C1)CCC1=CC=C(NS(C)(=O)=O)C=C1

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38: Synergistic Effect of Dofetilide and Mexiletine on Prevention of Atrial Fibrillation.

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39: A multiscale computational modelling approach predicts mechanisms of female sex risk in the setting of arousal-induced arrhythmias.

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40: Proarrhythmic risk assessment using conventional and new in vitro assays.

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Regul Toxicol Pharmacol,2017 Aug;88:1-11. PMID: 28506844

41: Practice variation in the re-initiation of dofetilide: An observational study.

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42: Pharmacologic Conversion during Dofetilide Treatment for Persistent Atrial Fibrillation.

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Pacing Clin Electrophysiol,2017 Jun;40(6):667-671. PMID: 28220940

43: Common Genetic Variant Risk Score Is Associated With Drug-Induced QT Prolongation and Torsade de Pointes Risk: A Pilot Study.

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Circulation,2017 Apr 4;135(14):1300-1310. PMID: 28213480

44: Electrophysiological measurements that can explain and guide temporary accelerated pacing to avert (re)occurrence of torsade de pointes arrhythmias in the canine chronic atrioventricular block model.

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Heart Rhythm,2017 May;14(5):749-756. PMID: 28213055

45: Application of a systems pharmacology model for translational prediction of hERG-mediated QTc prolongation.

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Pharmacol Res Perspect,2016 Nov 17;4(6):e00270. PMID: 28097003

46: Electrocardiographic Biomarkers for Detection of Drug-Induced Late Sodium Current Block.

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PLoS One,2016 Dec 30;11(12):e0163619. PMID: 28036334

47: Glass Half Empty?

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JACC Clin Electrophysiol,2016 Dec;2(7):782-783. PMID: 29759760

48: Discontinuation of Dofetilide From QT Prolongation and Ventricular Tachycardia in the Real World.

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JACC Clin Electrophysiol,2016 Dec;2(7):777-781. PMID: 29759759

49: Significance of integrated in silico transmural ventricular wedge preparation models of human non-failing and failing hearts for safety evaluation of drug candidates.

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J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods,Jan-Feb 2017;83:30-41. PMID: 27546811

50: Role of the pH in state-dependent blockade of hERG currents.

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Sci Rep,2016 Oct 12;6:32536. PMID: 27731415

51: {'#text': 'Antiarrhythmic effect of the Ca-activated K (SK) channel inhibitor ICA combined with either amiodarone or dofetilide in an isolated heart model of atrial fibrillation.', 'sup': ['2+', '+']}

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52: Dofetilide in Overdose: A Case Series from Poison Center Data.

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Cardiovasc Toxicol,2017 Jul;17(3):368-371. PMID: 27565970

53: Use of dofetilide in adult patients with atrial arrhythmias and congenital heart disease: A PACES collaborative study.

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Heart Rhythm,2016 Oct;13(10):2034-9. PMID: 27435587

54: Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling of drug-induced QTc interval prolongation in man: prediction from in vitro human ether-à-go-go-related gene binding and functional inhibition assays and conscious dog studies.

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Br J Pharmacol,2016 Oct;173(19):2819-32. PMID: 27427789

55: The QT Scale: A Weight Scale Measuring the QTc Interval.

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Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol,2017 Jan;22(1):e12378. PMID: 27422673

56: Use of FDSS/μCell imaging platform for preclinical cardiac electrophysiology safety screening of compounds in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes.

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J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods,Sep-Oct 2016;81:217-22. PMID: 27222351

57: Beat-to-Beat Variability in Preload Unmasks Latent Risk of Torsade de Pointes in Anesthetized Chronic Atrioventricular Block Dogs.

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58: Specific prediction of clinical QT prolongation by kinetic image cytometry in human stem cell derived cardiomyocytes.

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J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods,Sep-Oct 2016;81:263-73. PMID: 27095424

59: A novel transgenic rabbit model with reduced repolarization reserve: long QT syndrome caused by a dominant-negative mutation of the KCNE1 gene.

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Br J Pharmacol,2016 Jun;173(12):2046-61. PMID: 27076034

60: New in vitro model for proarrhythmia safety screening: IKs inhibition potentiates the QTc prolonging effect of IKr inhibitors in isolated guinea pig hearts.

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J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods,Jul-Aug 2016;80:26-34. PMID: 27063345

61: Comparison of QT Interval Readings in Normal Sinus Rhythm Between a Smartphone Heart Monitor and a 12-Lead ECG for Healthy Volunteers and Inpatients Receiving Sotalol or Dofetilide.

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J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol,2016 Jul;27(7):827-32. PMID: 27027653

62: Quantitative Profiling of the Effects of Vanoxerine on Human Cardiac Ion Channels and its Application to Cardiac Risk.

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63: Electrocardiographic Predictors of Torsadogenic Risk During Dofetilide or Sotalol Initiation: Utility of a Novel T Wave Analysis Program.

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64: Sex differences in drug-induced changes in ventricular repolarization.

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J Electrocardiol,Nov-Dec 2015;48(6):1081-7. PMID: 26324176

65: Late sodium current block for drug-induced long QT syndrome: Results from a prospective clinical trial.

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Clin Pharmacol Ther,2016 Feb;99(2):214-23. PMID: 26259627

66: Implications of the IQ-CSRC Prospective Study: Time to Revise ICH E14.

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67: Inter-study variability of preclinical in vivo safety studies and translational exposure-QTc relationships--a PKPD meta-analysis.

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68: Safety of oral dofetilide for rhythm control of atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter.

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69: Comprehensive T wave morphology assessment in a randomized clinical study of dofetilide, quinidine, ranolazine, and verapamil.

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J Am Heart Assoc,2015 Apr 13;4(4):e001615. PMID: 25870186

70: Dofetilide induced torsade de pointes: mechanism, risk factors and management strategies.

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Indian Heart J,Nov-Dec 2014;66(6):640-8. PMID: 25634399

71: Risk prediction for adverse events during initiation of sotalol and dofetilide for the treatment of atrial fibrillation.

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Pacing Clin Electrophysiol,2015 Apr;38(4):490-8. PMID: 25626340

72: Looking for virtuous promiscuity: electrocardiographic evidence of multichannel drug block.

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Clin Pharmacol Ther,2014 Nov;96(5):534-6. PMID: 25336265

73: AV-block and conduction slowing prevail over TdP arrhythmias in the methoxamine-sensitized pro-arrhythmic rabbit model.

[Varkevisser Rosanne,Vos Marc A,Beekman Jet D,Tieland Ralph G,Van Der Heyden Marcel A]
J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol,2015 Jan;26(1):82-9. PMID: 25154623

74: Induced KCNQ1 autoimmunity accelerates cardiac repolarization in rabbits: potential significance in arrhythmogenesis and antiarrhythmic therapy.

[Li Jin,Maguy Ange,Duverger James Elber,Vigneault Patrick,Comtois Philippe,Shi Yanfen,Tardif Jean-Claude,Thomas Dierk,Nattel Stanley]
Heart Rhythm,2014 Nov;11(11):2092-100. PMID: 25087487

75: Differentiating drug-induced multichannel block on the electrocardiogram: randomized study of dofetilide, quinidine, ranolazine, and verapamil.

[Johannesen L,Vicente J,Mason J W,Sanabria C,Waite-Labott K,Hong M,Guo P,Lin J,Sørensen J S,Galeotti L,Florian J,Ugander M,Stockbridge N,Strauss D G]
Clin Pharmacol Ther,2014 Nov;96(5):549-58. PMID: 25054430

76: The electromechanical window is no better than QT prolongation to assess risk of Torsade de Pointes in the complete atrioventricular block model in dogs.

[Stams T R G,Bourgonje V J A,Beekman H D M,Schoenmakers M,van der Nagel R,Oosterhoff P,van Opstal J M,Vos M A]
Br J Pharmacol,2014 Feb;171(3):714-22. PMID: 24490860

77: QTc compared to JTc for monitoring drug-induced repolarization changes in the setting of ventricular pacing.

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Heart Rhythm,2014 Mar;11(3):485-91. PMID: 24252288

78: Vernakalant is devoid of proarrhythmic effects in the complete AV block dog model.

[Varkevisser Rosanne,van der Heyden Marcel A G,Tieland Ralph G,Beekman Jet D M,Vos Marc A]
Eur J Pharmacol,2013 Nov 15;720(1-3):49-54. PMID: 24211677

79: A fingerprint pair analysis of hERG inhibition data.

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Chem Cent J,2013 Oct 21;7(1):167. PMID: 24144230

80: Clinical efficacy of dofetilide for the treatment of atrial tachyarrhythmias in adults with congenital heart disease.

[Banchs Javier E,Baquero Giselle A,Nickolaus Michelle J,Wolbrette Deborah L,Kelleman John J,Samii Soraya,Grando-Ting Jennifer,Penny-Peterson Erica,Davidson William R,Young Sallie K,Naccarelli Gerald V,Gonzalez Mario D]
Congenit Heart Dis,May-Jun 2014;9(3):221-7. PMID: 23947935

81: Frequency of toxicity with chemical conversion of atrial fibrillation with dofetilide.

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Am J Cardiol,2013 Aug 15;112(4):505-8. PMID: 23706388

82: Trends in reporting methadone-associated cardiac arrhythmia, 1997-2011: an analysis of registry data.

[Kao David,Bucher Bartelson Becki,Khatri Vaishali,Dart Richard,Mehler Philip S,Katz David,Krantz Mori J]
Ann Intern Med,2013 May 21;158(10):735-40. PMID: 23689766

83: Translational pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of QTc effects in dog and human.

[Parkinson Joanna,Visser Sandra A G,Jarvis Philip,Pollard Chris,Valentin Jean-Pierre,Yates James W T,Ewart Lorna]
J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods,Nov-Dec 2013;68(3):357-66. PMID: 23567074

84: Human embryonic stem cell derived cardiac myocytes detect hERG-mediated repolarization effects, but not Nav1.5 induced depolarization delay.

[Qu Yusheng,Gao Baoxi,Fang Mei,Vargas Hugo M]
J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods,Jul-Aug 2013;68(1):74-81. PMID: 23518063

85: Combined Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger and L-type calcium channel block as a potential strategy to suppress arrhythmias and maintain ventricular function.

[Bourgonje Vincent J A,Vos Marc A,Ozdemir Semir,Doisne Nicolas,Acsai Karoly,Varro Andras,Sztojkov-Ivanov Anita,Zupko Istvan,Rauch Erik,Kattner Lars,Bito Virginie,Houtman Marien,van der Nagel Roel,Beekman Jet D,van Veen Toon A B,Sipido Karin R,Antoons Gudrun]
Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol,2013 Apr;6(2):371-9. PMID: 23515266

86: Wenxin Keli suppresses ventricular triggered arrhythmias via selective inhibition of late sodium current.

[Xue Xiaolin,Guo Donglin,Sun Hongmei,Wang Dan,Li Jiana,Liu Tengxian,Yang Lin,Shu Juan,Yan Gan-Xin]
Pacing Clin Electrophysiol,2013 Jun;36(6):732-40. PMID: 23438075

87: A new biomarker--index of cardiac electrophysiological balance (iCEB)--plays an important role in drug-induced cardiac arrhythmias: beyond QT-prolongation and Torsades de Pointes (TdPs).

[Lu Hua Rong,Yan Gan-Xin,Gallacher David J]
J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods,Sep-Oct 2013;68(2):250-259. PMID: 23337247

88: High-throughput screening of drug-binding dynamics to HERG improves early drug safety assessment.

[Di Veroli Giovanni Y,Davies Mark R,Zhang Henggui,Abi-Gerges Najah,Boyett Mark R]
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol,2013 Jan 1;304(1):H104-17. PMID: 23103500

89: LMI1195 PET imaging in evaluation of regional cardiac sympathetic denervation and its potential role in antiarrhythmic drug treatment.

[Yu Ming,Bozek Jody,Lamoy Melanie,Kagan Mikhail,Benites Pedro,Onthank David,Robinson Simon P]
Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging,2012 Dec;39(12):1910-9. PMID: 22865199

90: Negative electro-mechanical windows are required for drug-induced Torsades de Pointes in the anesthetized guinea pig.

[Guns P-J,Johnson D M,Weltens E,Lissens J]
J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods,2012 Sep;66(2):125-34. PMID: 22516473

91: The electro-mechanical window in anaesthetized guinea pigs: a new marker in screening for Torsade de Pointes risk.

[Guns P-J,Johnson D M,Van Op den Bosch J,Weltens E,Lissens J]
Br J Pharmacol,2012 May;166(2):689-701. PMID: 22122450

92: Reduced ventricular proarrhythmic potential of the novel combined ion-channel blocker AZD1305 versus dofetilide in dogs with remodeled hearts.

[Johnson Daniel M,de Jong Monique M J,Crijns Harry J G M,Carlsson Leif G,Volders Paul G A]
Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol,2012 Feb;5(1):201-9. PMID: 22080293

93: Coronary artery disease potentiates response to dofetilide for rhythm control of atrial fibrillation.

[Manocha Pankaj,Bavikati Venkata,Langberg Jonathan,Lloyd Michael S]
Pacing Clin Electrophysiol,2012 Feb;35(2):170-3. PMID: 22017595

94: Effects of K201 on repolarization and arrhythmogenesis in anesthetized chronic atrioventricular block dogs susceptible to dofetilide-induced torsade de pointes.

[Stams Thom R G,Oros Avram,der Nagel Roel van,Beekman Jet D M,Chamberlin Paul,Dittrich Howard C,Vos Marc A]
Eur J Pharmacol,2011 Dec 15;672(1-3):126-34. PMID: 22001562

95: Ventricular remodelling is a prerequisite for the induction of dofetilide-induced torsade de pointes arrhythmias in the anaesthetized, complete atrio-ventricular-block dog.

[Dunnink Albert,van Opstal Jurren M,Oosterhoff Peter,Winckels Stephan K G,Beekman Jet D M,van der Nagel Roel,Cora Verduyn S,Vos Marc A]
Europace,2012 Mar;14(3):431-6. PMID: 21946817

96: Comparison of the IKr blockers moxifloxacin, dofetilide and E-4031 in five screening models of pro-arrhythmia reveals lack of specificity of isolated cardiomyocytes.

[Nalos L,Varkevisser R,Jonsson M K B,Houtman M J C,Beekman J D,van der Nagel R,Thomsen M B,Duker G,Sartipy P,de Boer T P,Peschar M,Rook M B,van Veen T A B,van der Heyden M A G,Vos M A]
Br J Pharmacol,2012 Jan;165(2):467-78. PMID: 21718297

97: Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling of the effect of Moxifloxacin on QTc prolongation in telemetered cynomolgus monkeys.

[Watson Kenny J,Gorczyca William P,Umland John,Zhang Ying,Chen Xian,Sun Sunny Z,Fermini Bernard,Holbrook Mark,Van Der Graaf Piet H]
J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods,May-Jun 2011;63(3):304-13. PMID: 21419854

98: Regional genomic regulation of cardiac sodium-calcium exchanger by oestrogen.

[Chen Guojun,Yang Xiaoyan,Alber Sean,Shusterman Vladimir,Salama Guy]
J Physiol,2011 Mar 1;589(Pt 5):1061-80. PMID: 21224239

99: BeKm-1, a peptide inhibitor of human ether-a-go-go-related gene potassium currents, prolongs QTc intervals in isolated rabbit heart.

[Qu Yusheng,Fang Mei,Gao Baoxi,Chui Ray W,Vargas Hugo M]
J Pharmacol Exp Ther,2011 Apr;337(1):2-8. PMID: 21205913

100: Identification of human Ether-à-go-go related gene modulators by three screening platforms in an academic drug-discovery setting.

[Huang Xi-Ping,Mangano Thomas,Hufeisen Sandy,Setola Vincent,Roth Bryan L]
Assay Drug Dev Technol,2010 Dec;8(6):727-42. PMID: 21158687

101: Sex and age related differences in drug induced QT prolongation by dofetilide under reduced repolarization reserve in simulated ventricular cells.

[Gonzalez Rodolfo,Gomis-Tena Julio,Corrias Alberto,Ferrero Jose Maria,Rodriguez Blanca,Saiz Javier]
Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc,2010;2010:3245-8. PMID: 21096817

102: A KCR1 variant implicated in susceptibility to the long QT syndrome.

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J Mol Cell Cardiol,2011 Jan;50(1):50-7. PMID: 20950623

103: Oscillations of cardiac wave length and proarrhythmia.

[Hondeghem L M,Dumotier B,Traebert M]
Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol,2010 Oct;382(4):367-76. PMID: 20803191

104: Robust anti-arrhythmic efficacy of verapamil and flunarizine against dofetilide-induced TdP arrhythmias is based upon a shared and a different mode of action.

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Br J Pharmacol,2010 Sep;161(1):162-75. PMID: 20718748

105: Effects of sarcolemmal Ca(2+) entry, ryanodine function, and kinase inhibitors on a rabbit model of heart failure.

[Kijtawornrat Anusak,Ziolo Mark T,Nishijima Yoshinori,Roche Brian M,Hamlin Robert L]
Int Heart J,2010 Jul;51(4):285-90. PMID: 20716847

106: Iatrogenic QT Abnormalities and Fatal Arrhythmias: Mechanisms and Clinical Significance.

[Cubeddu Luigi X]
Curr Cardiol Rev,2009 Aug;5(3):166-76. PMID: 20676275

107: Worsening heart failure in the setting of dronedarone initiation.

[Coons James C,Plauger Kara M,Seybert Amy L,Sokos George G]
Ann Pharmacother,2010 Sep;44(9):1496-500. PMID: 20628043

108: High-rate pacing reduces variability of repolarization and prevents repolarization-dependent arrhythmias in dogs with chronic AV block.

[Oosterhoff Peter,Thomsen Morten B,Maas Joep N,Atteveld Nico J M,Beekman Jet D M,VAN Rijen Harold V M,VAN DER Heyden Marcel A G,Vos Marc A]
J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol,2010 Dec;21(12):1384-91. PMID: 20561108

109: Anesthesia and arrhythmogenesis in the chronic atrioventricular block dog model.

[Dunnink Albert,Sharif Shahnam,Oosterhoff Peter,Winckels Stephan,Montagne Denise,Beekman Jet,van der Nagel Roel,van der Heyden Marcel A G,Vos Marc A]
J Cardiovasc Pharmacol,2010 Jun;55(6):601-8. PMID: 20555233

110: Beat-by-beat QT interval variability, but not QT prolongation per se, predicts drug-induced torsades de pointes in the anaesthetised methoxamine-sensitized rabbit.

[Jacobson Ingemar,Carlsson Leif,Duker Göran]
J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods,Jan-Feb 2011;63(1):40-6. PMID: 20451633

111: Late na(+) current inhibition by ranolazine reduces torsades de pointes in the chronic atrioventricular block dog model.

[Antoons Gudrun,Oros Avram,Beekman Jet D M,Engelen Markus A,Houtman Marien J C,Belardinelli Luiz,Stengl Milan,Vos Marc A]
J Am Coll Cardiol,2010 Feb 23;55(8):801-9. PMID: 20170820

112: Altered cytosolic Ca2+ dynamics in cultured Guinea pig cardiomyocytes as an in vitro model to identify potential cardiotoxicants.

[Qian Jian-Yong,Guo Liang]
Toxicol In Vitro,2010 Apr;24(3):960-72. PMID: 20064605

113: Dofetilide is safe and effective in preventing atrial fibrillation recurrences in patients accepted for catheter ablation.

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Europace,2009 Nov;11(11):1448-55. PMID: 19819878

114: Initial experience with antiarrhythmic medication monitoring by clinical pharmacists in an outpatient setting: a retrospective review.

[Snider Melissa,Kalbfleisch Steven,Carnes Cynthia A]
Clin Ther,2009 Jun;31(6):1209-18. PMID: 19695388

115: Dofetilide for atrial arrhythmias in congenital heart disease: a multicenter study.

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Pacing Clin Electrophysiol,2009 Oct;32(10):1313-8. PMID: 19691680

116: Models of torsades de pointes: effects of FPL64176, DPI201106, dofetilide, and chromanol 293B in isolated rabbit and guinea pig hearts.

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J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods,Sep-Oct 2009;60(2):174-84. PMID: 19524054

117: Intravenous magnesium sulfate enhances the ability of dofetilide to successfully cardiovert atrial fibrillation or flutter: results of the Dofetilide and Intravenous Magnesium Evaluation.

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118: The role of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, I(Na) and I(CaL) in the genesis of dofetilide-induced torsades de pointes in isolated, AV-blocked rabbit hearts.

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119: Calculation of QT shift in non clinical safety pharmacology studies.

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120: Safety of the novel atrial-selective K+-channel blocker AVE0118 in experimental heart failure.

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121: Relationship among amiodarone, new class III antiarrhythmics, miscellaneous agents and acquired long QT syndrome.

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122: An in vitro model for assessment of drug-induced torsade de pointes arrhythmia : effects of haloperidol and dofetilide on potential duration, repolarization inhomogeneities, and torsade de pointes arrhythmia.

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123: Predicting drug-induced changes in QT interval and arrhythmias: QT-shortening drugs point to gaps in the ICHS7B Guidelines.

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124: Antiarrhythmic properties of a rapid delayed-rectifier current activator in rabbit models of acquired long QT syndrome.

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Cardiovasc Res,2008 Jul 1;79(1):61-9. PMID: 18367457

125: Safety considerations in the pharmacological management of atrial fibrillation.

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Int J Cardiol,2008 Jul 21;127(3):299-306. PMID: 18191470

126: Acute conversion of persistent atrial fibrillation during dofetilide initiation.

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Pacing Clin Electrophysiol,2007 Dec;30(12):1527-30. PMID: 18070309

127: The additive effects of the active component of grapefruit juice (naringenin) and antiarrhythmic drugs on HERG inhibition.

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Cardiology,2008;110(3):145-52. PMID: 18057881

128: Measurements of blood pressure and electrocardiogram in conscious freely moving guineapigs: a model for screening QT interval prolongation effects.

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129: Monotherapy versus combination therapy with class III antiarrhythmic agents to attenuate transmural dispersion of repolarization: a potential risk factor for torsade de pointes.

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Pharmacotherapy,2007 Sep;27(9):1297-305. PMID: 17723083

130: Risk factors and predictors of Torsade de pointes ventricular tachycardia in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction receiving Dofetilide.

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131: Dofetilide-induced long QT and torsades de pointes.

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Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol,2007 Jul;12(3):197-202. PMID: 17617063

132: Comparison of guinea-pig ventricular myocytes and dog Purkinje fibres for in vitro assessment of drug-induced delayed repolarization.

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J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods,Sep-Oct 2007;56(2):171-85. PMID: 17596973

133: Action potential and QT prolongation not sufficient to cause Torsade de Pointes: role of action potential triangulation.

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J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol,2007 Feb;18(2):204-5. PMID: 17338768

134: Management of dofetilide overdose in a patient with known cocaine abuse.

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Pharmacotherapy,2007 Mar;27(3):459-63. PMID: 17316157

135: Frequency-dependent effects of various IKr blockers on cardiac action potential duration in a human atrial model.

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Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol,2007 Jul;293(1):H660-9. PMID: 17220183

136: L-type calcium current reactivation contributes to arrhythmogenesis associated with action potential triangulation.

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J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol,2007 Feb;18(2):196-203. PMID: 17212595

137: Use of a failing rabbit heart as a model to predict torsadogenicity.

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Toxicol Sci,2006 Sep;93(1):205-12. PMID: 16740615

138: Importance of extracardiac alpha1-adrenoceptor stimulation in assisting dofetilide to induce torsade de pointes in rabbit hearts.

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Eur J Pharmacol,2006 May 10;537(1-3):118-25. PMID: 16618484

139: Use of arterially perfused rabbit ventricular wedge in predicting arrhythmogenic potentials of drugs.

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J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods,Nov-Dec 2006;54(3):261-72. PMID: 16564186

140: Isolated perfused and paced guinea pig heart to test for drug-induced changes of the QT interval.

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J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods,Nov-Dec 2006;54(3):278-87. PMID: 16507347

141: Evaluation of the rubidium efflux assay for preclinical identification of HERG blockade.

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Assay Drug Dev Technol,2006 Feb;4(1):73-82. PMID: 16506891

142: Potassium channel subunit remodeling in rabbits exposed to long-term bradycardia or tachycardia: discrete arrhythmogenic consequences related to differential delayed-rectifier changes.

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143: Assessment of drug-induced QT interval prolongation in conscious rabbits.

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J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods,Mar-Apr 2006;53(2):168-73. PMID: 16290300

144: Marked QT prolongation and torsades de pointes secondary to acute ischemia in an elderly man taking dofetilide for atrial fibrillation: a cautionary tale.

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J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther,2005 Sep;10(3):191-5. PMID: 16211208

145: QT prolongation and proarrhythmia by moxifloxacin: concordance of preclinical models in relation to clinical outcome.

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146: Restricting excessive cardiac action potential and QT prolongation: a vital role for IKs in human ventricular muscle.

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Circulation,2005 Sep 6;112(10):1392-9. PMID: 16129791

147: Atypical proarrhythmia with dofetilide: monomorphic VT and exercise-induced torsade de pointes.

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148: [Long QT syndrome].

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Nihon Rinsho,2005 Jul;63(7):1171-7. PMID: 16001778

149: Novel potent human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) potassium channel enhancers and their in vitro antiarrhythmic activity.

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Mol Pharmacol,2005 Sep;68(3):876-84. PMID: 15976038

150: A pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model for the quantitative prediction of dofetilide clinical QT prolongation from human ether-a-go-go-related gene current inhibition data.

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Clin Pharmacol Ther,2005 Jun;77(6):572-82. PMID: 15961988

151: A new method to calculate the beat-to-beat instability of QT duration in drug-induced long QT in anesthetized dogs.

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152: Comparative pharmacology of guinea pig cardiac myocyte and cloned hERG (I(Kr)) channel.

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153: The [3H]dofetilide binding assay is a predictive screening tool for hERG blockade and proarrhythmia: Comparison of intact cell and membrane preparations and effects of altering [K+]o.

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154: A benefit-risk assessment of class III antiarrhythmic agents.

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155: IKr channel blockers: novel antiarrhythmic agents.

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156: Torsade de pointes: the clinical considerations.

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157: Phase IV trial evaluating the effectiveness and safety of dofetilide.

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158: Clinical experience with dofetilide in the treatment of patients with atrial fibrillation.

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159: Role of dofetilide in patients with atrial fibrillation. Insights from the Symptomatic Atrial Fibrillation Investigative Research on Dofetilide (SAFIRE-D) study.

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160: Cardiac ion channel effects of tolterodine.

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J Pharmacol Exp Ther,2004 Mar;308(3):935-40. PMID: 14711935

161: Electrophysiological safety of sertindole in dogs with normal and remodeled hearts.

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162: Asynchronous development of electrical remodeling and cardiac hypertrophy in the complete AV block dog.

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163: Dofetilide: A new antiarrhythmic agent approved for conversion and/or maintenance of atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter.

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Drugs Today (Barc),2000 Nov;36(11):759-71. PMID: 12845335

164: A benefit-risk assessment of class III antiarrhythmic agents.

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Drug Saf,2002;25(12):847-65. PMID: 12241126

165: Myocardial repolarization and drugs. Impossibility to predict the dominance of anti-arrhythmic over pro-arrhythmic effects of drugs due to differential and ventricular electrical remodeling.

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Anadolu Kardiyol Derg,2001 Mar;1(1):27-34. PMID: 12122969

166: A multicentre, double-blind randomized crossover comparative study on the efficacy and safety of dofetilide vs sotalol in patients with inducible sustained ventricular tachycardia and ischaemic heart disease.

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Eur Heart J,2001 Dec;22(23):2180-91. PMID: 11913480

167: Electrophysiological mechanism of enhanced susceptibility of hypertrophied heart to acquired torsade de pointes arrhythmias: tridimensional mapping of activation and recovery patterns.

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168: Dofetilide in patients with congestive heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction: safety aspects and effect on atrial fibrillation. The Danish Investigators of Arrhythmia and Mortality on Dofetilide (DIAMOND) Study Group.

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170: Importance of QT interval determination and renal function assessment during antiarrhythmic drug therapy.

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171: Impact of sex and gonadal steroids on prolongation of ventricular repolarization and arrhythmias induced by I(K)-blocking drugs.

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172: Transgenic mice overexpressing human KvLQT1 dominant-negative isoform. Part II: Pharmacological profile.

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173: Pause-dependent polymorphic ventricular tachycardia during long-term treatment with dofetilide: a placebo-controlled, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator-based evaluation.

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J Am Coll Cardiol,2001 Mar 15;37(4):1100-5. PMID: 11263615

174: Dofetilide: a new class III antiarrhythmic agent.

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Can J Cardiol,2001 Jan;17(1):63-7. PMID: 11173316

175: Azimilide and dofetilide produce similar electrophysiological and proarrhythmic effects in a canine model of Torsade de Pointes arrhythmias.

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Eur J Pharmacol,2001 Jan 19;412(1):67-76. PMID: 11166738

176: Effect of dofetilide in patients with recent myocardial infarction and left-ventricular dysfunction: a randomised trial.

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Lancet,2000 Dec 16;356(9247):2052-8. PMID: 11145491

177: Efficacy and safety of oral dofetilide in converting to and maintaining sinus rhythm in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter: the symptomatic atrial fibrillation investigative research on dofetilide (SAFIRE-D) study.

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Circulation,2000 Nov 7;102(19):2385-90. PMID: 11067793

178: Dofetilide: a class III anti-arrhythmic drug for the treatment of atrial fibrillation.

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179: Comparison of intravenously administered dofetilide versus amiodarone in the acute termination of atrial fibrillation and flutter. A multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

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Eur Heart J,2000 Aug;21(15):1265-73. PMID: 10924317

180: [Antiarrhythmic therapy in patients with heart failure].

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Ther Umsch,2000 May;57(5):324-32. PMID: 10859993

181: Drug choices in the treatment of atrial fibrillation.

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Am J Cardiol,2000 May 25;85(10A):12D-19D. PMID: 10822036

182: Steady-state versus non-steady-state QT-RR relationships in 24-hour Holter recordings.

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Pacing Clin Electrophysiol,2000 Mar;23(3):293-302. PMID: 10750127

183: Dofetilide: a class III-specific antiarrhythmic agent.

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184: Proarrhythmia of azimilide and other class III antiarrhythmic agents in the adrenergically stimulated rabbit.

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Proc Soc Exp Biol Med,2000 Feb;223(2):183-9. PMID: 10654622

185: Dofetilide: a review of its use in atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter.

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Drugs,1999 Dec;58(6):1043-59. PMID: 10651390

186: Dofetilide in patients with congestive heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction. Danish Investigations of Arrhythmia and Mortality on Dofetilide Study Group.

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N Engl J Med,1999 Sep 16;341(12):857-65. PMID: 10486417

187: Exaggerated QT prolongation after cardioversion of atrial fibrillation.

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188: Efficacy and safety of intravenously administered dofetilide in acute termination of atrial fibrillation and flutter: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Danish Dofetilide in Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter Study Group.

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189: Effects of class III antiarrhythmic agents in an in vitro rabbit model of spontaneous torsades de pointe.

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Eur J Pharmacol,1999 Mar 12;369(1):57-64. PMID: 10204682

190: Dynamic analysis of dofetilide-induced changes in ventricular repolarization.

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191: Azimilide dihydrochloride, a novel antiarrhythmic agent.

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Am J Cardiol,1998 Mar 19;81(6A):40D-46D. PMID: 9537222

192: Current treatment recommendations in antiarrhythmic therapy.

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193: Electrophysiology and pharmacology of ibutilide.

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194: Influence of dofetilide on QT-interval duration and dispersion at various heart rates during exercise in humans.

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Circulation,1996 Oct 1;94(7):1592-9. PMID: 8840849

195: Differential effects of antiarrhythmic agents on post-pause repolarization in cardiac Purkinje fibres.

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Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol,1996 Sep;23(9):825-9. PMID: 8911721

196: Extracellular potassium modulation of drug block of IKr. Implications for torsade de pointes and reverse use-dependence.

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197: Assessment of reverse use-dependent blocking actions of class III antiarrhythmic drugs by 24-hour Holter electrocardiography.

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J Am Coll Cardiol,1996 Jan;27(1):84-9. PMID: 8522715

198: Effects of the new class III antiarrhythmic drug dofetilide on the atrial and ventricular intracardiac monophasic action potential in patients with angina pectoris.

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Eur Heart J,1995 Nov;16(11):1641-6. PMID: 8881860

199: Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling of the effects of oral and intravenous administrations of dofetilide on ventricular repolarization.

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